izindaba

Ama-Tanneries avame ukuhlotshaniswa nesici “nephunga le-sulfide” lesici nelinyanyekayo, empeleni elibangelwa ukugcwala okuphansi kwegesi ye-sulfhydric, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-hydrogen sulfide. Amazinga aphansi afika ku-0.2 ppm we-H2S asevele awajabulisi kubantu futhi ukugxila kuka-20 ppm akubekezeleleki. Ngenxa yalokho, abashuki besikhumba bangase baphoqeleke ukuthi bavale ukusebenza kwe-beamhouse noma baphoqeleke ukuthi baphinde baqhele ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi.
Njengoba i-beamhouse nokushukwa kuvame ukwenziwa endaweni efanayo, iphunga empeleni liyinkinga encane. Ngamaphutha omuntu, lokhu kuhlala kugcina ingozi yokuxuba izinto ezintantayo ezine-asidi ne-sulfide equkethe i-beamhouse float futhi ikhiphe amanani aphezulu e-H2S. Ezingeni lika-500 ppm wonke ama-receptors okunuka ayavinjwa futhi igesi, ngakho-ke, ingabonakali futhi ukuchayeka kwemizuzu engama-30 kubangela ukudakwa okusongela ukuphila. Ekuhlanganiseni okungu-5,000 ppm (0.5%), ubuthi bukhulu kangangokuthi ukuphefumula okukodwa kwanele ukubangela ukufa ngokushesha phakathi nemizuzwana.
Naphezu kwazo zonke lezi zinkinga nezingozi, i-sulfide ibilokhu iyikhemikhali ethandwayo yokususa izinwele isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu. Lokhu kungase kubangelwe ezinye izindlela ezingasebenziseki ezingatholakali: ukusetshenziswa kwe-organic sulphide kubonise ukuthi kuyenzeka kodwa akwamukeleki ngempela ngenxa yezindleko ezengeziwe ezihilelekile. Ukukhipha izinwele kuphela ngama-enzyme e-proteolytic ne-keratolytic kuzanywe kaningi kodwa ngenxa yokuntuleka kokukhetha kwakunzima ekusebenzeni ukulawula. Umsebenzi omningi nawo utshalwe ekukhishweni kwe-oxidative, kodwa kuze kube namuhla ulinganiselwe kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwawo njengoba kunzima ukuthola imiphumela engaguquki.

Inqubo yokukhipha izinwele

U-Covington ubale inani lethiyori elidingekayo le-sodium sulphide ebangeni lezimboni (60-70%) ukuze inqubo yokushiswa kwezinwele ibe ngu-0.6% kuphela, uma kuqhathaniswa nokufihla isisindo. Eqinisweni, amanani ajwayelekile asetshenziselwa inqubo enokwethenjelwa aphezulu kakhulu, okuyi-2-3%. Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu ukuthi izinga lokukhipha izinwele lincike ekugxilweni kwe-sulphide ions (S2-) ku-float. Ukuntanta okufushane kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuthola ukugcwala okuphezulu kwe-sulphide. Noma kunjalo ukwehlisa amazinga e-sulphide kuthinta kabi ukususwa kwezinwele okuphelele ngesikhathi esamukelekile.
Uma sibhekisisa ukuthi izinga lokukhumula izinwele lincike kanjani ekuhlanganiseni kwamakhemikhali asetshenzisiwe, kusobala ukuthi ukugxila okuphezulu kuyadingeka ikakhulukazi lapho kuhlaselwa khona inqubo ethile. Enkambweni yokushiswa kwezinwele, leli phuzu lokuhlasela yi-keratin ye-hair cortex, eyonakaliswa yi-sulphide ngenxa yokuphuka kwamabhuloho e-cystine.
Enqubweni ephephile yezinwele, lapho i-keratin ivikelwe yisinyathelo sokugoma, iphuzu lokuhlasela ngokuyinhloko iphrotheni yesibani sezinwele esenziwa nge-hydrolysed kuphela ngenxa yezimo ze-alkaline noma ngama-enzyme e-proteolytic, uma ekhona. Iphuzu lesibili nelibaluleke ngokulinganayo lokuhlasela i-pre-keratin etholakala ngaphezu kwesibani sezinwele; ingacekelwa phansi yi-proteolytic hydrolysis ehlanganiswe nomphumela we-keratolytic we-sulphide.
Noma ngabe iyiphi inqubo esetshenziselwa ukususa izinwele, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi lezi zindawo zokuhlasela zifinyeleleka kalula kumakhemikhali enqubo, okuvumela ukugcwala okuphezulu kwendawo kwe-sulfide okuzoholela ekukhululweni okuphezulu. Lokhu kusho futhi ukuthi uma ukutholakala kalula kwamakhemikhali asebenzayo (isib. umcako, i-sulphide, i-enzyme njll) ezindaweni ezibalulekile kungahlinzekwa, kuyokwazi ukusetshenziswa amanani aphansi kakhulu alawa makhemikhali.

Ukucwiliswa emanzini kuyisici esibalulekile sokususa izinwele ngendlela efanele

Wonke amakhemikhali asetshenziswa ekukhipheni izinwele ancibilika emanzini futhi amanzi ayindlela yokucubungula. Ngakho-ke amafutha ayisivimbeli semvelo esinciphisa ukusebenza kwanoma yiliphi ikhemikhali elingenazinwele. Ukususwa kwamafutha kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwenqubo yokukhipha izinwele elandelayo. Ngakho-ke, isisekelo sokususa izinwele okuphumelelayo ngokunikezwa kwamakhemikhali okwehliswe kakhulu sidinga ukubekwa esinyathelweni sokucwiliswa.
Okuhlosiwe ukukhishwa okuphumelelayo kwezinwele kanye nendawo yokufihla kanye nokususwa kwamafutha e-sebaceous. Ngakolunye uhlangothi umuntu udinga ukugwema ukukhipha amafutha amaningi ngokujwayelekile, ikakhulukazi enyameni, ngoba ngokuvamile akunakwenzeka ukuyigcina ku-emulsion kanye nokugcoba amafutha kuzoba umphumela. Lokhu kuholela endaweni enamafutha kunokuba "omile" oyifunayo, okuphazamisa ukusebenza kwenqubo yokukhipha izinwele.
Nakuba ukukhishwa okukhethiwe kwamafutha ezakhini ezithile zesakhiwo sesikhumba kuveza ekuhlaselweni okulandelayo kwamakhemikhali angenayo i-unhairing, ezinye izingxenye zesikhumba zingavikelwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kuso. Okuhlangenwe nakho kubonisa ukuthi ukucwiliswa ngaphansi kwezimo ze-alkaline ezihlinzekwa yi-earth-alkali compounds ekugcineni kubangela izikhumba ezinokugcwala okuthuthukisiwe kwamahlangothi nezisu kanye nendawo ephakeme esebenzisekayo. Kuze kube manje ayikho incazelo egcwele ngokugcwele yaleli qiniso elifakazelwe kahle, kodwa izibalo zokuhlaziya zibonisa ukuthi ngempela ukucwiliswa ngama-alkaline omhlaba kubangela ukusatshalaliswa okuhluke kakhulu kwezinto ezinamafutha ngaphakathi kwesikhumba uma kuqhathaniswa nokucwiliswa ngomlotha wesoda.
Nakuba umphumela wokuwohloka komlotha wesoda ufana ncamashí, ukusebenzisa ama-alkaline e-earth kubangela okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto ezinamafutha ezindaweni ezivulekile ezihlelekile ze-pelt, okungukuthi emaceleni. Ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokukhishwa okukhethiwe kwamafutha kwezinye izingxenye noma ukubekwa kabusha kwezinto ezinamafutha akukwazi ukusho okwamanje. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyini isizathu esiqondile, umphumela onenzuzo ekunciphiseni isivuno awunakuphikwa.
I-ejenti entsha yokucwiliswa emanzini isebenzisa imiphumela echaziwe; ihlinzeka ngezimo ezifanelekile zangaphambili zokususwa okuhle kwezimpande zezinwele kanye nezinwele ezinhle ngokunikezwa kwe-sulfide encishisiwe, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo igcina ubuqotho bezisu nasemaceleni.

I-sulphide ephansi ye-enzymatic esiza ukukhishwa kwezinwele

Ngemva kokuba isikhumba silungiswe kahle lapho sicwiliswa emanzini, ukukhipha izinwele kufezwa ngokuphumelelayo ngenqubo esebenzisa inhlanganisela ye-enzymatic proteolytic formulation kanye nomphumela we-keratolytic we-sulphide. Kodwa-ke, ohlelweni oluphephile lwezinwele, ukunikezwa kwe-sulphide manje kungancishiswa kakhulu kube amazinga angu-1% kuphela uma kuqhathaniswa nokufihla isisindo ezikhunjeni zezinkomo ezinkulu. Lokhu kungenziwa ngaphandle kokuyekethisa mayelana nezinga kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhipha izinwele noma ukuhlanzeka kwepelti. Ukunikezwa okuphansi nakho kuholela emazingeni anciphe kakhulu e-sulfide ku-liming float kanye nasesikhumbeni (izokhipha i-H2S encane ekuqoqweni nasekukhonjweni kamuva!). Ngisho nenqubo yendabuko yokushiswa kwezinwele ingenziwa ngokunikezwa okufanayo kwe-sulfide ephansi.
Ngaphandle komphumela we-keratolytic we-sulphide, i-proteolytic hydrolysis ihlale idingeka ukuze ukhiphe izinwele. I-bulb yezinwele, equkethe amaprotheni, ne-pre-keratin etholakala ngenhla kwayo idinga ukuhlaselwa. Lokhu kufezwa nge-alkalinity futhi ngokuzikhethela futhi ngama-enzyme e-proteolytic.
I-Collagen ijwayele kakhulu kwi-hydrolysis kune-keratin, futhi ngemva kokwengezwa kwe-lime i-collagen yomdabu ishintshwa amakhemikhali futhi ngaleyo ndlela iba bucayi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvuvukala kwe-alkaline kwenza i-pelt ibe lula ekulimaleni ngokomzimba. Ngakho-ke, kuphephe kakhulu ukufeza ukuhlasela kwe-proteolytic kubulb yezinwele kanye ne-pre-keratin nge-pH ephansi ngaphambi kokwengezwa komcako.
Lokhu kungafezwa ngokwenziwa okusha kwe-proteolytic enzymatic unhairing enomsebenzi wayo ophakeme kakhulu phakathi kwe-pH 10.5. Ku-pH evamile yenqubo yokufaka u-lime cishe ku-13, umsebenzi uphansi kakhulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-pelt ayivezwa kancane ekonakaleni kwe-hydrolytic uma isesimweni sayo esibucayi kakhulu.

I-sulfide ephansi, inqubo ephephile yezinwele ze-lime ephansi

I-ejenti yokucwiliswa emanzini evikela izindawo ezivulekile ezihlelekile zesikhumba kanye ne-enzymatic unhairing formulation evalwe ukusebenza nge-pH ephezulu iqinisekisa izimo ezilungile zokuthola ikhwalithi engcono kakhulu kanye nendawo enkulu engase isebenziseke yesikhumba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhlelo olusha lwe-unhairing luvumela ukunciphisa okuphawulekayo kokunikezwa kwe-sulphide, ngisho nenqubo yokushiswa kwezinwele. Kodwa izinzuzo eziphakeme kakhulu zitholakala uma isetshenziselwa inqubo ephephile izinwele. Imiphumela ehlanganisiwe yokucwiliswa kahle kakhulu kanye nomthelela okhethiwe we-proteolytic wokwakhiwa kwe-enzyme ekhethekile kuphumela ekukhishweni kwezinwele okuthembeke kakhulu ngaphandle kwezinkinga zezinwele ezinhle nezimpande zezinwele kanye nokuhlanzeka okuthuthukisiwe kwe-pelt.

Uhlelo luthuthukisa ukuvuleka kwesikhumba okuholela esikhumbeni esithambile uma singanxeshezelwa ngokuncishiswa kokunikezwa komcako. Lokhu, kuhlanganiswa nokuhlolwa kwezinwele ngesihlungi, kuholela ekuncipheni okukhulu kodaka.

Isiphetho

I-sulfide ephansi, inqubo ye-lime ephansi ene-epidermis enhle, izinwele-izimpande kanye nokususwa kwezinwele ezinhle kungenzeka ngokulungiswa kahle kwesikhumba ekucwilisweni. Isilekeleli se-enzymatic esikhethiwe singasetshenziswa ekususeni izinwele ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ubuqotho bokusanhlamvu, izisu kanye nezinhlangothi.
Ukuhlanganisa yomibili imikhiqizo, ubuchwepheshe buhlinzeka ngezinzuzo ezilandelayo ngendlela evamile yokusebenza:

- ukuphepha okuthuthukisiwe
- iphunga elincane kakhulu elingathandeki
- inciphe kakhulu umthwalo endaweni ezungezile - i-sulphide, i-nitrogen, i-COD, i-sludge
- isivuno esihle futhi esingaguquguquki ekuhlelweni, ukusika kanye nekhwalithi yesikhumba
- amakhemikhali aphansi, izindleko zenqubo kanye nemfucuza